Lime spalls and efflorescence from lime and gypsum on heavy clay products
This paper provides an overview of the properties and effects of carbonate and gypsum components that are frequently included in raw materials for clay bricks and roofing tiles. Their behaviour in drying and firing is shown together with the anticipated effects on the fired bricks and roofing tiles as well as methods to avoid undesirable damage such as spalls and efflorescence.
1 Introduction
2 Lime, Dolomite
2.1 Carbonate basics