Across Europe, natural gas is usually seen as the energy carrier of choice for the firing of heavy clay products, while in Asia most firing is done with coal. Due to the high proportional cost of...

1 Introduction Clay bricks and roofing tiles are fired in a firing process at high temperatures, usually in a tunnel kiln. For heating the kiln, a large quantity of fossil fuels, mostly natural gas,...

1 Introduction The high energy requirement of the brick and tile industry coupled with rising energy costs are the main drivers in the search for new potential alternative energy sources. A wide range...

Normally, natural gas is the energy source of choice for firing bricks and tiles. Due, however, to the high-volume cost of all the energy required for manufacturing heavy clay products, it is...